What does the term 'cryptography' refer to?

The term 'cryptography' refers to the science of ensuring that messages are secure. It involves techniques for secure communication in the presence of third parties, focusing on protecting information and ensuring that only the intended recipients can read or access it. This encompasses various methods, including symmetric and asymmetric encryption, hashing, and digital signatures, all designed to safeguard data integrity, confidentiality, and authentication.

In the context of digital transactions, cryptography plays a critical role in protecting sensitive information such as personal data, financial details, and transaction records, thus maintaining the trust and security necessary for electronic payments and communications. Understanding cryptography is essential for professionals in fields related to information security, finance, and technology.